In this chapter we shall see how different generations have evolved and also have a look at how LTE as a whole has evolved.
Comparison of various different wireless technology:
1.
Generation: 1G
Deployment: 1970 – 84
Throughput: 2Kbps
services: Analog Voice
Underlying Technology: AMPS, TACS
2.
Generation: 2G
Deployment: 1980 – 89
Throughput: 14-64 Kbps
services: Digital Voice, SMS, MMS
Underlying Technology: D-AMPS, CDMA
3.
Generation: 3G
Deployment: 1990 – 2002
Throughput: 2 Mbps
services: Integrated HD voice and Data
Underlying Technology: CDMA2000, EVDO, W-CDMA, HSPA+
4.
Generation: 4G
Deployment: 2000 – 2018
Throughput: 200 Mbps
services: High Speed Data, Voice over LTE
Underlying Technology: LTE, VoLTE, LTE Adv, LTE Adv Pro
5.
Generation: 5G
Deployment: 2018 – 2020+
Throughput: 1Gbps+
services: Ultra Low Latency, massive IoT, V2V
Underlying Technology: 5G-NR
what are the benefits of LTE?
1. It provides high data rates.
2. It will reduce latency for the applications
3. It will improve throughput for applications.
4. It is having flexible radio frequency. It can be deployed in multiple bandwidth configurations like 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz.
5. MIMO – Multiple Input Multiple Output
Evolution in LTE
Date: Q2 2002
3GPP Rel-5
IMS and HSDPA
Date: Q1 2005
3GPP Rel-6
Integrated operation with wireless LAN and adds HSUPA, MBMS, enhancements to IMS
Date: Q4 2007
3GPP Rel-7
Decreasing latency, improving QOS, and real-time application performance, HSPA+.
Date: Q4 2008 [LTE]
3GPP Rel-8
First LTE release, all-IP network(EPC). New OFDMA and MIMO based radio interface, not backward compatible with UMTS, dual-cell HSDPA
Date: Q1 2009 [LTE]
3GPP Rel-9
LTE HeNB,
Location Services,
MBMS support,
BS,
dual-cell HSDPA with MIMO
Date: Q1 2011 [LTE Advanced]
3GPP Rel-10
LTE Advanced for IMT-Advanced,
carrier aggregation,
enhanced down-link MIMO,
up-link MIMO,
enhanced ICIC,
relays,
backward compatible with LTE Rel-8
Date: Q1 2013 [LTE Advanced]
3GPP Rel-11
Enhanced carrier aggregation,
further enhanced ICIC,
coordinated multi-point transmission/reception,
eight-carrier HSDPA
Date: Q3 2014 [LTE Advanced]
3GPP Rel-12
Down-link MIMO enhancements/3D MIMO,
low cost MTC,
new carrier type,
small cell enhancements,
LTE device-to-device communication
LTE Advanced PRO: 3GPP Release 13,14
RAN introduction:
Before we dive into the LTE architecture, let us understand basic of RAN.
RAN stands for Radio Access Network.
It is used to connect individual devices to other parts of the network.
It will reside between user equipment and provides connection to core network.
When a UE is wireless connected to core network, RAN transmits signal to various wireless endpoints.
Evolution of RAN
1. For 2G and 2.5G the type of RAN is GERAN. Here mobile is called as Mobile Station
2. For 3G, mobile is called as UE. Type of RAN used is UTRAN
3. For 4G, mobile is called as UE. Type of RAN used is EUTRAN
4. For 5G, mobile is called as UE. Type of RAN used is NR [New Radio]
Types of RAN
GRAN: Generic Radio Access Network: It is used to manage radio links for Circuit and packet switched core networks.
GERAN: GSM Edge Radio Access Network: It is used to support real time packet data.
UTRAN: UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network: It supports both circuit switched and packet switched.
E-UTRAN: Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network: It supports only packet switched services. It provides high data rate and low latency.
AIR Interface:
AIR interface is also called as Radio Interface.
It involves both physical and data link layer of OSI model
It is used to provide point to point communication between base station and mobile station.
Some of the AIR interfaces are:
1. FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access
2. TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access
3. CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access
4. OFDMA: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access